Forest Surveying Methods to Find Forest Boundaries

With the advent of public use of geographic positioning systems and the availability of aerial photographs (Google Earth) for free over the internet, forest surveyors now have extraordinary tools available to do make accurate surveys of forests. Still, along with these new tools, foresters also depend on time-tested techniques to reconstruct forest boundaries. Remember that professional surveyors have traditionally established nearly all original landlines but landowners and foresters have a need to retrace and reestablish lines which either disappear or become difficult to find as time passes. A Fundamental Unit of Horizontal Measurement: The Chain The fundamental unit of horizontal land measurement used by foresters and forest owners is the  surveyors or Gunters chain  (Buy from Ben Meadows) with a length of 66 feet. This metal tape chain is often scribed into 100 equal parts which are called links. The important thing about using the chain is that it is the preferred unit of measure on all public U.S. Government Land Survey maps (mostly west of the Mississippi River), which include millions of mapped acres charted in sections, townships and ranges. Foresters prefer using the same system and units of measure that were originally used to survey most forest boundaries on public land. A simple calculation from chained dimensions to acres is the reason the chain was used in the initial public land survey and the reason it is still so popular today. Areas expressed in square chains can be easily converted to acres by dividing by 10 — ten square chains equals one acre! Even more attractive is that if a tract of land is a mile square or 80 chains on each side you have 640 acres or a section of land. That section can be quartered again and again to 160 acres and 40 acres. One problem using the chain universally is that it was not used when land was measured and mapped in the original 13 American colonies. Metes and bounds (basically physical descriptions of trees, fences, and waterways) were used by colonial surveyors and adopted by owners before the public lands system was adopted. These have now been replaced by bearings and distances off permanent corners and monuments. Measuring Horizontal Distance There are two preferred ways foresters measure horizontal distance - either by pacing or by chaining. Pacing is a rudimentary technique that roughly estimates a distance while chaining more accurately determines distance. They both have a place when determining horizontal distance on forested tracts. Pacing is used when a quick search for survey monuments/waypoints/points of interest might be useful but when you dont have the help or time to carry and drop a chain. Pacing is more accurate on moderate terrain where a natural step can be taken but can be used in most situations with practice and the use of topographic maps or aerial photo maps. Foresters of average height and stride have a natural pace (two steps) of 12 to 13 per chain. To determine your natural two-step pace: pace the 66-foot distance enough times to determine your personal average two-step pace. Chaining is a more exact measurement using two people with a 66-foot steel tape and a compass. Pins are used to accurately determine the count of chain length drops and the rear chainman uses the compass to determine the correct bearing. In rough or sloping terrain, a chain has to be held high off the ground to level position to increase accuracy. Using a Compass to Determine Bearings and Angles Compasses come in many variations but most are either handheld or mounted on a staff or tripod. A known starting point and a bearing are necessary for beginning any land survey and finding points or corners. Knowing local sources of magnetic interference on your compass and setting the correct magnetic declination is important. The compass most used for forest surveying has a magnetized needle mounted on a pivot point and enclosed in a waterproof housing that has been graduated in degrees. The housing is attached to a sighting base with a mirrored sight. A hinged mirror lid allows you to look at the needle at the same moment you site your destination point. The graduated degrees displayed on a compass are horizontal angles called bearings or azimuths and expressed in degrees ( °). There are 360-degree marks (azimuths) inscribed on a survey compass face as well as bearing quadrants (NE, SE, SW, or NW) broken into 90-degree bearings. So, azimuths are expressed as one of 360 degrees while bearings are expressed as a degree within a specific quadrant. Example: azimuth of 240 ° bearing of S60 °W and so on. One thing to remember is that your compass needle always points to magnetic north, not true north (the north pole). Magnetic north can change as much as -20 ° in North America and can significantly affect compass accuracy if not corrected (especially in the North East and far West). This change from true north is called magnetic declination and the best survey compasses have an adjustment feature. These corrections can be found on isogonic charts provided by this U.S. Geological Survey download. On reestablishing or retracing property lines, all angles should be recorded as the true bearing and not the declination corrected bearing. You need to set the declination value where the north end of the compass needle reads true north when the line of sight points in that direction. Most compasses have a graduated degree circle that can be turned counterclockwise for east declination and clockwise for west declination. Changing magnetic bearings to true bearings is slightly more complicated as declinations must be added in two quadrants and subtracted in the other two. If there is no way to set your compass declination directly, you can mentally make an allowance in the field or record magnetic bearings and correct later in the office.

Assignments Human Rights Law - 4555 Words

ASSIGNMENTS SUBJECT- STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Select an appropriate generic strategy to position your printing business unit in its competitive environment (map the environment primarily as a pattern of competitive pressures from rivals, suppliers, buyers, entrants and substitutes). The steps need to be followed to strategise printing business unit in its competitive environment:- a) Planning for a brighter future starts with analyzing inner strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Internal evaluation coupled with an environmental scan of the competitive landscape. b) Differentiate your firm - It’s all about creating a unique value proposition. Start with your SWOT analysis. Everything is fair game (e.g. technology, experience,†¦show more content†¦Presses usually print in one, two, four, or six colors; some presses can print eight. Digital presses are still used primarily in specialty applications. Paper is the biggest individual manufacturing cost, often amounting to 25 percent of revenues. Printing papers are often coated, and are bought in sheets or rolls from distributors. Some customers provide their own paper, but most is bought for customers, with a modest price markup. Paper prices can vary significantly from year to year. Digital technology is changing the competitive landscape of the commercial printing market. Prices for digital color pages are falling below offset printing prices and companies who fall behind in the shift to digital printing are at risk. Sales Marketing The largest single market for printing services is advertising, for newspaper inserts, magazines, and direct mail materials. Although some work may be done regularly for large customers under long-term contracts (magazines, product catalogs, and phone books), most is on a project basis, often after a bidding process. 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Pepered Moth Lab Free Essays

The purpose of the lab was to determine if the changes in population of light coloured moths and melonic moths post industrial revolution was a result of natural selection through the melonic moths ability to avoid predation because of a better fitness. In order to determine if the changes in population density were attributed to natural selection one would look for a increase in population for each subsequent generation for the moth that possess the selective advantage. Such as for the pre industrial simulation the light moth’s population increase because of its ability to avoid predation because of camouflage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepered Moth Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now The method needed to complete this investigation would be placing fifteen melonic and fifteen light coloured moths on a sheet of paper then having an individual act as the predator attempting to remove as many moths as possible over a quantized time. The simulation would have to be completed for three trials representing each generation then repeated again utilizing a different coloured paper, the papers used should be white, intermediate (cream) and black.Observations were made and the results were that the species of moth which possessed a selective advantage was in fact better suited for the environment therefore able to avoid predation and experience thriving numbers. These results were standard for the light paper and intermediate paper although the black paper did not follow suit as a result of the melonic moths not in fact being fully dark. The experiment demonstrates that natural selection can be attributed to the diminishing number of light coloured moths following the indu strial revolution and H. B. D Kettlewells hypothesis is correct.Introduction In this investigation biologist H. B. D Kettlewell’s hypothesis pertaining to the environments effect on the evolution of the peppered moth of the 1800s was tested. In the early 1950’s, H. B. D. Kettlewell, an English physician with an interest in butterfly and moth collecting, decided to study the unexplained color variations of the peppered moth. Kettlewell focused his study on a trend observed in Manchester England from 1845 to 1890 where the population of peppered mouths once made of gray coloured organisms inevitably was replaced with a darker almost black counterpart.Kettlewell hypothesized that a change in pollution found in industrial areas had provided the dark moths with a selective advantage over their peppered counterparts. This selective advantage, which increased the dark moth’s fitness, was the result of layers of soot altering the colour of barks of which the moths would reside. Therefore making the dark moths less susceptible to predation as a result of being better suited to the environment.Kettlewell focused his study on industrial Melanism, which is used to describe the adaption of population by the darkening of its individuals in response to poll ution especially during the time of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport and technology effected the world through the introduction of coal powered machinery. The above noted adaption is directly linked to Charles Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.Natural Selection is the reproduction of organisms best suited, possessing a selective advantage, to thrive in their environment. A selective advantage is a genetic advantage of one organism over its competitors that causes it to be favoured in survival and reproduction rates over time. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if the extinction of light coloured (peppered moths) post industrial revolution was a result of natural selection due to the melonic moth’s selective advantage in soot-covered foliage.The hypothesis for this investigation is the appearance of individuals is the quintessential influence of affecting the likelihood of predation. The influence natural selection has on the survival of the organism is exponential, the better suited the individual is for their environment the greater their fitness will be. Materials and Method Prior to beginning the exp eriment three tables were constructed in order to record the data observed for each simulation and trial (generation). Table 1 was titled simulation 1 (white paper) and each trial represented a subsequent generation. The table consisted of four columns; number of melonic moths, number of light coloured moths, percentage melonic and percentage light. Two other tables were constructed in the same manner one titled simulation 2 and the other simulation 3. In a group one student acted as the predator and the other as the timer. The predator faced away from the page while the timer randomly placed 15 white and 15 melonic moths on the page.On the timers command the predator turned around and removed as many moths as possible in a four-second period. Time was calculated using a stopwatch. The removed moths were considered dead and replaced in the next trial generation by the antagonist colour (if a melonic moth was removed it was replaced with a white one for always a total of 30). The timer then recorded the observed data onto the chart (number of remaining moths). This process was repeated for each simulation (different coloured tree bark) for three trials each totalling 9 attempts.The experimental design for this experiment was as followed. The independent variable was the number of moths that were spreaded on the sheet, always thirty. The dependent variable was the actions of the predatory which were influenced by the type of environment for that particular simulation. The control for this experiment was the cream coloured paper because it provided an environment to which no selective advantage was gained by either species of moth. ResultsAs the experiment continued several observations were made; Simulation 1 (white paper) for each subsequent generation the percentage of melonic moths to avoid predation decreased substantially as see through the dada recorded on table 1. Simulation 2 occurred on the cream coloured control environment, the number of moths was affected although possessed a certain consistency in this case trail 2 and 3’s results were identical. Trial Table 1. Simulation 1 (white paper) Pre Industrialization | Number Melonic| Number Light| % Melonic| % Light| Trial 1 (generation 1)| 13| 13| 50| 50|Trial 2 (generation 2)| 12| 13| 48| 52| Trial 3 (generation 3)| 8| 14| 36| 64| In the pre industrialization era the light moths numbers progressively grew as the remaining melonic moths diminished. Table 2. Simulation 2 (cream paper) Early Industrialzation | Number Melonic| Number Light| % Melonic| % Light| Trial 1 (generation 1)| 10| 13| 43| 57| Trial 2 (generation 2)| 10| 14| 42| 58| Trial 3 ( generation 3)| 10| 14| 42| 58| The number of moths light or melonic that survived apperead stagnet as the results stayed relatively the same Table 3.Simulation 3 (black paper) Post ndustrialization | Number Melonic| Number Light| % Melonic| % Light| Trial 1 (generation 1)| 10| 13| 43| 57| Trial 2 (generation 2)| 8| 15| 47| 53| Trial 3 (generation 3)| 8| 15| 47| 53| In the post industrialization the light coloured moths percentage of survival increased although began to lower after each subsequent trial (genearation). Calculations Simulation 1Simulation 2Simulation 3 13/26=5013/26=5010/23=4313/23=5710/23=4313/23=57 12/25=4813/25=5210/24=4214/24=588/23=4715/23=53 /22=3614/22=6410/24=4214/24=588/23=4715/23=53 Figure 1. Image of the Melonic moth and the Peppered moth The pre industrial Revolution era reveals that through each generation the number of white moths increase as the melonic moths decrease Early Industrial revolution the change in colour of population for the moths appears to be unaffected, experiencing a sustained growth Post Industrial Revolution the graph displays that the number of moth distribution becomes stagnate following an increase in the percentage of light. DiscussionThe results of simulation 1 (pre industrial) coincided with the theory that since the environment was cohesive to camouflaging the lighter moth they possessed a selective advantage and thus were able to avoid predation. Through natural selection, one can see that each generation the amount of light moths increased while the melonic decreased one can infer that the lighter moths selectively mated with other white moths in order to avoid predation and successfully reproduce. The early industrial revolution period, simulation two (cream coloured) acted as the control for the xperiment providing no selective advantage toward either species of moth. Each generation followed very slight fluctuation is the percentage thus supporting the hypothesis that the reason for the growth of specific species in an environment is correlated to their ability to thrive through natural selection. Simulation three the dark bark Post industrial simulation did not follow the expected pattern. Each generation found that there was an increase in the percentage of light coloured moths despite the fact that they possess no advantage towards their fitness.The reason why this experimental error occurred can be attributed to several experimental flaws. The moths being used were not in fact light vs dark, for this investigation there were light moths and peppered moths. Since the â€Å"dark† moth was actually peppered, it possessed no true selective advantage in terms of camouflage on the dark bark sheet. Other significant errors include the random spreading by which the moths were spread on the sheet. Since grouping was inevitable the results may have been varied because of high densities of specific moths in certain areas.Also the timing mechanism was not accurate enough to stop the predator at exactly four seconds so fluctuations in time may have allotted to extra moths or less moths being removed. One must also take into consideration that it is human intuition to overcome a proverbial challenge, in this investigation case the predator was expected not to be able to remove the better-suited moths with ease so one might have self consciously attempted to prove otherwise.Based upon the achieved results according to the data natural selection did occur because in simulation one each generation possessed an increase in the amount of light moths and the natural depletion of melonic moths which were in fact not fit for the environment. The purpose of utilize an intermediate colour background was to act as a control allowing comparable results for when there is no selective advantage. This results support the theory of natural selection because when neither moth were better suited to the environment both became susceptible to predation.Possible improvements in the design of this experiment would be as follows. For the difference in moth colouration to truly be cohesive to that of th e paper upon which they lay, also a better suited timing mechanism would be a system pre tuned to set a alarm at the passing of four seconds. Another potential improvement to the experiment would be to have someone with no knowledge of natural selection and Ketllewell’s theory of melaism to act as the predator to avoid any intuition of proving the theories incorrect. Regardless of the slight error found within the post industrial revolution simulation the evidence obtained supports the hypothesis that changes in the population of the different species of moths are in fact a result of natural selection through the ability to avoid predation in their environment.Works Citedhttp://www. experiment-resources. com/industrial-melanism. html#ixzz10mU3lemR Richlefs, R. Ecology. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. (1990). How to cite Pepered Moth Lab, Papers

Favourite Musician Essay Example For Students

Favourite Musician Essay She is a singer, musician and a song writer born on March 28, 1986 (age 26) in New York City, U. S. She got world-wide recognition from her 1st album, The Fame. She is originally from the New York City, where she studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and also went to New York Universitys Discs School of the Arts. But she left the university when she was 19 years old to follow her dream which was in the field of music. She 1st started playing piano when she was only 4 years old, she wrote her 1st piano ballad when she was 13 years old and gave her 1st performance at open mike nights when she was only 14. Her story She started a band and named it Stefan Germantown Band. This name comes from her real name Stefan Joanne Angelina Germantown. This band consisted of a guitarist Calvin Pta, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckman and booking manager Frank Fredericks. The band became famous especially Gaga. Rob Fusers compared some of Sagas vocal music to Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen. It was Fustian who helped create the name Gaga after the Queen song Radio Ga Ga. At first their collaboration was unsuccessful, and then she faced many rejections. During this time, she met Lady Starlight. They became good friends and gave many successful performances which got a lot of positive reviews. Gaga then got a music publishing deal with Sony/TV, which let her write songs for Brittany Spears, New Kids on the Block, Ferrier, and the Pussycat Dolls. Akin, a famous singer, recognized her talent. Akin, signed her with his own label Kong Live. She then met Redone and then her first song was made, which was called Boys, Boys, Boys. Her debut album was then released called The Fame which was on August 19, 2008. She got instant success for it which earned her, her 1st Grammar Award nomination for her song Just Dance for Best Dance Recording and soon became one of the best-selling singles worldwide. Her song Poker Face also won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammar Awards and nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year. The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronics Album at the Grammys. All her next albums- The Fame Monster (2009), The Reenter (2010), Born This way (201 1), Born This way: The Reenter (2011) were totally successful. Gaga announced the albums title in August 2012, which is called Orator. Uniqueness She has a different way of performing in concerts and music videos, a different sense of style, a different kind of music and a very different way of connecting with her fans. Her being different from everyone makes her unique. -Her fans She has a very weird way of connecting with her fans. Her fans call her Mother Monster, while she calls them Little Monster. She knows that what she is today is all because of her fans, because of which she has dedicated all her life to music and her Little Monsters. Her concerts and music videos There are many costume changes, a different kind of dance and very unique visuals. Favorite Musician By sanitaria messages are mostly about racialism and about empowering women to stand up for their rights in the society. Her music videos and concerts always are inspiring. This is what makes her different. Her performances are very innovative, entertaining, bold and fresh. She is recognized for one of her performances in The Monster Ball Tour, where she wore a black leather dress and was attacked by her co-performer, which resulted Gaga in shedding a lot of blood and dying. This was a scene created for the performance, which looked very real. Her creative team is called The Hausa of Gaga which are responsible for her clothes, her hairdos and ideas for her performances. Her fashion Lady Gaga is known for her bold, wild and surely experimental fashion. She never wears a same dress or a same hairdo twice! She is not only famous for her pop songs; she is famous for her daring fashion too. Gaga is a natural brunette, but she bleached her hair blonde because she was often mistaken for Amy Whininess! Her most unique dresses till date are her meat dress (which was made fully of raw beef! ), her lobster dress, her lace outfit and her bubble dress. In her Born t his way album she dressed looking like a man which created a big stir!

A Decade Essays - Simile, , Term Papers, Research Papers

A Decade Upon first reading Amy Lowell's poem ?A Decade? appears to be a poem about a couple who has met each other and saying how sweet they are like honey and red wine Then it says you are fresh like morning bread. Then ending with how they become completely nourished. After reading this poem several times it becomes clear that a message exists in this poem. The message says that passion may decrease in a long-term relationship, but love still goes on in the relationship. Devices that help this message become true are similes, hyperbole, white space and symbolism. There are two similes in the poem. The first one states that ?When you came you were like red wine and honey.? This means they were sweet and there was a lot of passion in the beginning. The second simile says that ?Now you are like morning bread.? This is suppose to mean your passion is gone, but there is still love in the relationship. Symbolism of the title is another device use to describe this message. A Decade means that the couple has been together for ten years and they love each other a lot. Hyperbole is the third device used to describe this poem. When they say ?The taste of you burnt my mouth with is sweetness. How can something be so sweet that it will burn their mouth's very badly? The last device is white space. If you turn you book so that the lines are vertical you can see a pattern. The line starts and rises, then it decreases and decreases, then it goes a little up and then back down. This describes the passion that was in their relationship. The poet wrote this poem to show new couples what might happen, if they do get in a major relationship with someone.

The Four Ps of proposal writing - Emphasis

The Four Ps of proposal writing The Four Ps of proposal writing People who have the gift of being able to write a persuasive proposal tend to go a long way, regardless of whether theyre in sales or the Civil Service. Yet far from being a dark art, the skill of effective proposal writing is something you can teach yourself.  In fact, theres one formula that can bring you success time and time again. We call it the Four Ps. Position This is where you should start. Establish where the client or reader is at this moment. Your proposal might well be read by several different decision-makers – at different levels – in the organisation, but this will be the one thing that has everyone in consensus from the outset. In sales, don’t begin with a long-winded introduction to your company: you’ll make a much better impression by showing you’ve taken the time and interest to get to know your prospective client. Problem Despite the name, this could be a negative or a positive. There may be a problem to address, or the opportunity of a lifetime could be in sight. All it means is making it clear that a change must be made. Salespeople: again, the focus is on them, not you – their needs, not your product. Make it clear you understand those needs, using facts and figures as appropriate. Possibilities Here you can cover all the potential routes, including taking no action, with pros and cons for each. Don’t try to gloss over any possible downsides: it could look like they haven’t occurred to you. Rise above trashing competitors by name, though you can argue the flaws of their ideas – if you know them. If there’s only one option, you won’t need this section. Proposal This is your recommended route, with your reasons for it. Be succinct and specific. Make it very clear how your proposal relates to what the client or reader has asked for. They should be left with no doubts about why they should go with you, why they should do it now and what they need to do next. Ok, so we can’t completely guarantee you a win every time. But this is always the best p-p-p-place to start. For more help perfecting your proposal writing, why not arrange an  in-house bid, tender and sales-proposal writing course for your team, or book a spot on one of our bid-writing courses for individuals?

Pros and cons of outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pros and cons of outsourcing - Essay Example Total outsourcing means the decision to transfer IS assets, leases, staff, and management responsibility far delivery of IS services from an internal IS function to a single third party vendor which represents more than 80 per cent of the IS budget. Millar (1994 cited Greaver 1999) defines four basic types of outsourcing arrangements: General outsourcing encompasses three alternatives: (1) selective outsourcing where one particular area of IS activity is chosen to be turned over to a third party, such as data centre operations; (2) value-added outsourcing where an area of IS activity is turned over to a third party who is thought to be able to provide a level of support or service which adds value to the activity that could not be cost-effectively provided by the internal IS group; (3) co-operative outsourcing where some targeted IS activities are jointly performed by a third party provider and the internal IS department. Researchers discovered that many companies investigated outsou rcing as a consequence of IS managers' failure to demonstrate the value of IS to various stakeholders within the organization. Many different stakeholders (senior managers, business unit managers, IS managers, IS staff, and end users) possessed different preferences, expectations, perceptions, and agendas for IS. Form post-modernization point of view, the enthusiasm for IS outsourcing in the trade press is not unique-any new management trend promises to be the panacea to organizational problems. Through radical change, be it business process re-engineering, total quality management, virtual corporations, etc, practitioners are offered yet another utopia. Such positive press tempts many senior executives to jump on the latest bandwagon, and subsequent research shows that many organizations improve radically (Burnett, 1998). Financial Benefits of Outsourcing Many senior managers cite financial reasons for outsourcing. In particular, senior managers view outsourcing as a way to cut costs, improve cost control, and restructure the IS budget. Many companies expect that outsourcing would save them money. They perceive that vendors enjoy economies of scale that enable then to provide IS services at a lower cost than internal IS departments. In particular, senior managers believe that a vendor's unit costs are less expensive due to mass production efficiencies and labor specialization (Greaver 1999). Another financial rationale for outsourcing is gaining control over IS costs. As any IS manager will attest, IS costs are directly related to IS user demands. In most organizations, however, IS costs are controlled through general allocation systems which motivate users to demand and consume resources excessively. General allocation systems are analogous to splitting a restaurant tab--each dinner companion is motivated to order an expensive dinner because the cost will be shared by the other parties. Participants saw outsourcing as a way to control costs because vendors implement cost controls that more directly tie usage to costs. In addition, users no longer call their favorite analysts to request frivolous changes, but instead must submit requests through a formal cost control process. This results in the curtailing of excessive user demands and thus reduces overall IS costs.